Types of Solids and How to Categorize Them

In the broadest sense, solids may be categorized as either crystalline solids or amorphous solids. Most specifically, scientists typically recognize six main types of solids, each characterized by specific properties and structures. Ionic Solids Ionic solids form when electrostatic attraction causes anions and cations to form a crystal lattice. In an ionic crystal, each ion is surrounded by ions with an opposite charge. Ionic crystals are extremely stable because considerable energy is required to break ionic bonds. Metallic Solids The positively charged nuclei of metal atoms are held together by valence electrons to form metallic solids. The electrons are considered delocalized because they arent bound to any particular atoms, as in covalent bonds. Delocalized electrons can move throughout the solid. This is the electron sea model of metallic solids—positive nuclei float in a sea of negative electrons. Metals are characterized by high thermal and electrical conductivity and are typically hard, shiny, and ductile. Examples: Almost all metals and their alloys, such as gold, brass, steel. Network Atomic Solids This type of solid is also known simply as a network solid. Network atomic solids are huge crystals consisting of atoms held together by covalent bonds. Many gemstones are network atomic solids. Examples: Diamond, amethyst, ruby. Atomic Solids Atomic solids form when weak London dispersion forces bind the atoms of cold noble gasses. Examples: These solids are not seen in everyday life since they require extremely low temperatures. An example would be solid krypton or solid argon. Molecular Solids Covalent molecules held together by intermolecular forces form molecular solids. While the intermolecular forces are strong enough to hold the molecules in place, molecular solids typically have lower melting and boiling points than metallic, ionic, or network atomic solids, which are held together by stronger bonds. Example: Water ice. Amorphous Solids Unlike all of the other types of solids, amorphous solids do not exhibit a crystal structure. This type of solid is characterized by an irregular bonding pattern. Amorphous solids may be soft and rubbery when they are formed by long molecules, tangled together and held by intermolecular forces. Glassy solids are hard and brittle, formed by atoms irregularly joined by covalent bonds. Examples: Plastic, glass.

Social Media On The Work Place - 1529 Words

SOCIAL MEDIA IN THE WORK PLACE ABSTRACT: Social media is the most common technical tool which is being used by the complete society in recent days. In addition, it plays a paramount role in the business world to maintain a continuous and flexible contact with the company employees. Further, there are two types of social media sites which are enterprise social media site and the consumer social media site. Enterprise social media network is for private use and the consumer social media is available to everyone in the society. Moreover, using this social media in the work place is accompanied with some benefits as well as some privacy difficulties. This paper explains the organisational use of social media, advantages as well as the†¦show more content†¦This paper further explains the ethical challenges caused by the social media at the work place. ETHICAL CHALLENGES: There are various types of ethical issues that the organisations face: Integrity risk: An IBE survey conducted by the large companies has been identified that the main ethical challenge associated with the social media is integrity risk. For example, if an employee of a most developed company uses the social networking site in an irresponsible way that leads the company into the ethical issues. Advertising and marketing practices: Social media is an effective way to the companies to advertise their products and services. They can contact the customers in an easier way through the social media than any other media despite, it causes some ethical challenges. For instance, when a company ask the consumer a review regarding their product, they might give them a positive one or else the negative one which is available to see everyone. As a result, that gives the impact on that company market because, most of the people have a look at the online reviews before they purchase that product. Therefore, it is one of the ethical challenge. Recruitment practices: Online recruitment process is very obvious in recent years, which causes one of the ethical challenges. This sort of practice may give a positive or a negative result, for example, when a company checking for an

Brief History of PepsiCo Free Essays

PepsiCo is one of the most successful beverage and snack food business in the world. The company consist of: Frito Lay Co., Pepsi-Cola Co. We will write a custom essay sample on Brief History of PepsiCo or any similar topic only for you Order Now , and Tropicana Products. PepsiCo was funded in 1965 by Donald M. Kendall Pepsi-Cola president, and Herman W. Lay, president of Frito-Lay. Caleb Bradham, a New Bern, N.C. pharmacist, created pepsi-Cola in 1890. Frito-Lay, Inc. was formed by the 1961 merger of the Frito Company, founded by Elmer Doolin in 1932, and the H. W. Lay Company, founded by Herman W. Lay, also in 1932. In 1998 PepsiCo acquires Tropicana Products from Seagram Company Ltd. Anthony Rossi founded Tropicana in 1947. Frito-Lay, Inc was funded in 1961, by merging of The Frito Company and H.W. Lay Company. Today, Frito-Lay brands account for 40% of the world, snack chip industry, and 56% of the U.S. industry. Often, Frito-Lay Company products are known by local names (Matutano in Spain, Walkers in the United Kingdom and others.) Caleb Bradham founded pepsi-Cola in 1890. Brand Pepsi and other Pepsi-Cola products account for nearly one-third of total soft drink sales in the United States, a consumer market totalling about $58 billion. Outside the United States, Pepsi-Cola beverages are available in about 160 countries. Today Pepsi-Cola products account for about a quarter of all soft drinks sold internationally. The company has also established operations in the emerging markets of the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Russia, where Pepsi-Cola was the first U.S. consumer product to be marketed. Pepsi-Cola provides advertising, marketing, sales and promotional support to Pepsi-Cola bottlers and food service customers. This includes some of the world’s best and most recognized advertising. New advertising and exciting promotions keep Pepsi-Cola brands young. Anthony Rossi founded Tropicana in 1947. The company entered the concentrate orange juice business in 1949, registering Tropicana as a trademark. In 1954 Rossi pioneered a pasteurisation process for orange juice. For the first time, consumers could enjoy the taste of pure not-from-concentrate 100% Florida orange juice in a ready-to-serve package. The company went public in 1957, was purchased by Beatrice Foods Co. in 1978, acquired by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts in 1986 and sold to The Seagram Company Ltd. in 1988. Seagram purchased the Dole global juice business in 1995. PepsiCo acquired Tropicana, including the Dole juice business, in August 1998. Today, Tropicana is the world’s largest marketer and producer of branded juices with products available in 50 countries worldwide. The Pest Analysis identifies the political, economical, social a technological influences on an organization. – The production distribution and use of many of PepsiCo product are subject to various federal laws, such as the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, the Occupational Safety and Health Act ad the Americans with Disabilities. – The businesses are also subject to state, local and foreign laws. – The international businesses are subject to the Government stability in the countries where PepsiCo is trying get into (underdeveloped markets). – The federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations. – The businesses are also subject to de taxation policy in each country they are operating. – They also have to comply with federal, state, local and foreign environmental laws and regulations. – The companies are subject to the harvest of the raw material that they use in their snack foods, soft drink and juice, like corn, oranges, grapefruit, vegetables, potatoes, etc. – Because of they rely on trucks to move and distribute many of their products, fuel is also an important subject, so they are subject to the fuel prize fluctuation, and to possible fuel crisis. – Operating in International Markets involves exposure to volatile movements in foreign exchange rates. The economic impact of foreign exchange rates movements on them is complex because such changes are often linked to variability in real growth, inflation, interest rates, governmental actions and other factors. – PepsiCo is also subject to other economical factors like money supply, energy availability and cost, business cycles, etc. – PepsiCo and moreover Pepsi is subject to the lifestyle changes, because of it bases her advertising campaigns in a concrete kind of people with an special lifestyle, it is for that PepsiCo has to pay a special attention on the lifestyle changes. – Particularly in the United States Pepsi drinkers are very defined, there is a kind of people who drinks Pepsi another kind who drinks Coca-Cola, it is for that they have to pay attention to the social mobility for not losing a possible market. – Taking into account that PepsiCo is trying to introduce itself in underdeveloped markets, they have to be careful with the possible problems with the governments of this countries, and with the problems could rise from PepsiCo act with the people of this countries. – PepsiCo is subject to new techniques of manufacturing, for their three business sectors, snack food, juices and soft drinks. – It has to pay attention to the new distribution techniques. – And they have to fix their attention in the competence developed, to know about the new products. The Porter†s Diamond Analysis tries to explain the Competitive Advantage of Nations. There are four attributes of a nation comprise Porter†s Diamond of national advantage, they are: The basic factor conditions are natural resources, climate, location, the more advanced factor conditions are skilled labour, infrastructure and technology. There are some of these factors that can be obtained by any company (like unskilled labour and raw materials) and, hence, do not generate sustained competitive advantage. Even though, we have to take into account that specialized factors involve a heavy and sustained investment, we have to know that if we are able to achieve them, we could generate a competitive advantage. Some of the factor conditions PepsiCo has to take into account, in each country where they want to introduce are – Interest rate. (Short term, long term). We have to know that the nature of a country demand makes PepsiCo dependent on them. For example if in one country exists a sophisticated demand, these customers pressure firms to be competitive. Is for that, firms that face a sophisticate domestic market are likely to sell superior products because the market demands high quality and a close proximity to such customers enable the firm to better understand the needs of the customers, in the same way it is easier spread their firms in the global market. Some of the demand conditions PepsiCo has to take into account en the countries where they want to introduce are: – And with competitors are established in the country. For any company it is really important the Related and Supporting Industry. Knowing who are the range of suppliers, and the related industries, is necessary for deciding where we have to place our company. In some cases the concentration of related and supporting industries provoke the concentration of the similar industries in the same areas. Some advantages and disadvantages of locating close to your rival may be: Some advantages to locating close to your rivals may be: o Potential technology knowledge spillovers, o An association of a region on the part of consumers with a product and high quality and therefore some market power, or o An association of a region on the part of applicable labour force. Some disadvantages to locating close to your rivals are: o Potential poaching of your employees by rival companies and o Obvious increase in competition possibly decreasing mark-ups. Concerning to the strategy and the structure of the firm, they would be conditioned by the tradition of the country. There are different management styles in each country, and besides they vary depending on the industry. PepsiCo has to study the different styles of management, for acting in the best way in each country, adapting its strategy and its structure as far as possible. As far as possible the rivalry, in general is better the national than the international. In the case of PepsiCo (Pepsi); for them it is more advisable that when they are introducing in a new market, its main rival (Coca-Cola) not be positioned or at least it is not to absolute leader of the market. We do the same analysis for the three different markets of PepsiCo: the soft drink market, the snacks market and the chilled orange juice market. We treated the three markets as a the same industry, with some exceptions as the competence Established brands with a lot of experience in the market that a have a good channel of distribution. The brands deliver the products directly to the supermarket, this means that is necessary a big company structure (lorries, warehouses, producing plants, etc.) to arrive at retailers and supermarkets, all of this requires a big investment of money. Well looks that at first sight, suppliers are not a problem because it†s easy to find potatoes, corn and oil suppliers. The problem that we find here is the possibility of variability of prices in the raw materials caused for example by a bad year of harvesting, or there is another petrol crisis. Also in some countries that have not petrol normally fuel petrol is more expensive and the fuel suppliers have an oligopoly of the market. Considering that buyers are the final consumers, we can say that in this markets the consumers get used at one kind of taste, and they have this products for the importance of the brand, it†s a marketing issue as well. In these three markets is quite difficult to find substitutes. More than substitutes we can talk more of fashion, trends, or costumer†s tastes. Suddenly people stop has orange juice for breakfast and take more milk or coffee in mornings. It†s quite difficult to find a substitute for these products because normally the people get used at one kind of taste of cola for example, then is very difficult to try to adapt the public to a new cola. Well these three markets are really full of rivalry. First there is the Cola market where Coca-Cola owns an incredible 51% market share, followed far away Pepsi with a 21% of market share, is very difficult to penetrate in this market. Then there is the Snack market where Lays have the 40% of market share, the second most important brand is Procter Gamble (PG), in this market the shares are more distributed, but still being two majors competitors that have most of the market. An at the last we have the orange Juice market, this maybe is the most open market, there is a lot of competence and there is not a major brand that controls all the market. There are three important brands that have more market share, like Tropicana Coca-Cola Company and Chiquita. Because the company is in a competitive environment is not possible to recover the increasing costs with a higher pricing of the final products. For this reason PepsiCo have special way to purchase the raw materials. They use â€Å"futures contracts† for cover different fluctuation in the raw material market (Primarily oil, corn, fuel, etc.) is like speculate with the market. In Orange juice products, they only use non-concentrate orange juice for creates a very tasty and healthy product completely natural. Pepsi they just create the liquid that is sold to the bottlers, these bottlers then they can the liquid and then is sold to the costumers. PepsiCo owns at same time shares from the four bottlers companies. In fact in the past PepsiCo owned Pepsi Bottling Group, and had as a franchise Pepcom industries INC companies. PepsiCo use the system â€Å"direct store distribution†. This implies that PepsiCo products are delivered to the retailer and put it directly to the shelves, this provide a great business control to PepsiCo, and reduce work to the retailers and that fact give more advantage over most competitors. This is a very powerful tool that PepsiCo use. It would be developed in another chapter. We can consider that the service that makes PepsiCo value is the â€Å"direct store distribution† explained before. Here PepsiCo uses economies of scale. Also the raw materials are bought in future contract to prevent higher costs in the future because the high prices of the raw materials. More than Technology development we can talk of costumer preferences. Is very important to know what the costumers prefers and wants, then is necessary to study the costumers† behaviour. For example Tropicana Twister shelf-stable juice products had a very important volume growth because the PepsiCo relaunched the brand in 1.75 plastic bottles instead of smaller glass bottles. This provides to the costumers more value and convenience. Benefits At PepsiCo’s Worldwide Headquarters  · Bonus opportunities at many levels  · Eligibility for stock options for almost all positions The PepsiCo stock option plan is called SharePower. Here are some of the details:  · Once eligible, you receive PepsiCo stock options normally each year based on at least 10% of your prior year’s earnings.  · Share Power stock options let you purchase shares of PepsiCo stock in the future at a set price.  · You make money if the stock price goes up and you stay with the Company.  · The longer you work for the Company, the more stock options you get. Share Power is one way for PepsiCo employees to share in the success that they create. A Pension Plan fully paid for by the Company.  · A 401(k) Plan which allows you to save up to 15% of your pay on a pre-tax basis and invest in any publicly traded stock or bond or in any of over 200 mutual funds.  · A stock purchase program, allowing you to purchase PepsiCo stock through payroll deductions, with no fees or commissions. In addition, PepsiCo’s portfolio of benefits includes such valuable programs as:  · Matching Charitable Contributions Corporate Officers (Roger A. Enrico) a) Frito-Lays; this product is a Cash Cow for PepsiCo; it generates more cash than it needs to maintain its share market. Frito-Lays is the leader of its market, and it has its principal competitor very far in the market share. PepsiCo should maintain this product, in the same way, and invest its profits in other company products. b) Tropicana; it is a question mark for PepsiCo, it is, due to, it is a new acquisition, and although it is a product leader in its market, PepsiCo has to invest in Tropicana for achieving a bigger market share, and for trying to increase the international market share. c) Pepsi; it is very difficult place to Pepsi, in one of the squares, because in spite of it generates more cash than it needs to maintain its share market, it is not the leader of its market, and we can neither considerate it as a star product, because of the same reason, them it probably could be place, in the middle of the matrix. PepsiCo had reduce the total net sales in 2,000 millions $ during the 1999, this was due to PepsiCo sold the bottling company. But at same time the total sales from the three Business (Snacks, Soft Drinks, Orange Juice) had increase in 4,000 millions $. This means that the company his growing in the markets. Because the selling of the bottling Company the total cost and expenses reduced in 2,000 millions of $. Because the reduced costs and the growth of the net sales in the Snacks, soft drinks, and Orange juice, the company had at the end of the 1999 more profit. (Source: 1999 Annual report of PepsiCo) Resuming PepsiCo had in 1999 a total net income of 2,050 millions $ more or less the same as at 1997 (2,142 millions of $), but with the difference that in 1999 they stop earning money with the bottling company. This means now the company generates more profit. (Source: 1999 Annual report of PepsiCo) Is necessary to emphasise as well that PepsiCo reduced a lot one of the big loans that he had due to PepsiCo didn†t has the necessity of borrowing money. The loan had an amount of 4,53 millions $ and was reduced to 1,55 millions $ in 1999. (Source: 1999 Annual report of PepsiCo) PepsiCo’s earnings per share jumped 17% in the third quarter ended September 2; to $.40 from a pro forma $.34 in the prior year, the fourth consecutive double-digit gain. Revenues grew 7% to $4.9 billion, reflecting strong volume growth in worldwide snacks and juices. Operating profit grew 12% to $826 million as every division generated double-digit growth. Roger Enrico, chairman, said: â€Å"Four consecutive quarters of double-digit EPS growth confirm that PepsiCo today is strong and getting stronger. We are fulfilling our goal of delivering healthy earnings gains generated by volume growth across our portfolio†. This means the company is going well but is not offering more dividends to the shareholders, after some bad years now the company is having n important growing. And this will be reflected in the dividends during the next years. PepsiCo nowadays it is a very strong Company with no financial problems, and with three important brands. Where Frito-Lays is a very Strong brand, World leader in sells in the world snack chip industry, with a 40% of the market share. (Source 1999 PepsiCo Annual report) In the last 3 years the company had increase his sales (without bottling operations) in a 33% since 1997. (Source 1999 PepsiCo Annual report) Pepsi maybe is one of the weakness of PepsiCo, due that is really far away from the leader Coca-Cola in the international market. Pepsi-Cola is the second largest soft drink Company with a 21% of volume, far from the terrific 51% of volume of Coca-Cola. The net sales of PepsiCo had increase in the last 3 years, this is important but is necessary to say that is due the increase in sales only in USA, PepsiCo didn†t growth so much in the international market, what is happening then that only growing in USA. New markets are beginning to open in the world (China, mainly in Asia). The opportunity to enter in the markets where the competence is not established yet. For example in China, China is the country with more population in the world, enter in the Chinese market and establish there before the competence arrive can give to PepsiCo a great opportunity to success in the future. The problem that in these new markets the products of PepsiCo will not have a good welcome by the Asian consumers. The flavours of the products are not really adequate for these countries. Roger Enrico will leave the direction of PepsiCo in 2 years, this can create a little situation of panic inside the Company. The increase the prices of the raw materials or the fuel can cause an increase of the costs, and in the business environment that PepsiCo live is not possible to increase the product price because is a very competitive environment. Until now PepsiCo brand image was very linked to Pepsi image, which has label of second best brand. But in the last four years, that has changed, they have tried to lost the label of ‘loser†, linking its image to the rest of firms company, that have a strong brand image in their markets. They have achieve that through advertising campaigns where appeared together with other PepsiCo Brands. During the last decade Pepsi had a war with Coca-Cola, in which Pepsi always lost. In the last stage (since the arrival of Enrico) PepsiCo decides move away from that war, for focusing in its own problems. Another step in the new strategy was the acquisition of the leader companies in related markets, for achieving a new image of powerful and consolidated corporation. In other way PepsiCo is giving a corporation image, which is committed with subjects like racial and sex discrimination, and environmental problems. All that through the special programs focused on each area. In the last four year PepsiCo has suffered radical changes in its internal structure and in its market strategies. All these changes were propitiated by the arrival in the direction of R. Enrico, who implemented a radical change in PepsiCo†s mentality. He made very important decisions like to come off the restaurants (Pizza Hut KFC) and the bottlers, due to they were a heavy weight for the company. Although they were come off them, they follow linked to PepsiCo through strategic alliances, it is to say, that the restaurants still sell PepsiCo products and the bottlers follow bottling Pepsi. Moreover PepsiCo has a minority percent of share of these companies. Other important decisions that Enrico made were the strategic acquisitions of leader companies in related markets, like Tropicana and Mountain Drew. These acquired companies have given to PepsiCo as much profits as stronger company brand image of New PepsiCo. After analysing PepsiCo we have noticed that in spite of the company has increased its net product sales, that is not a real increase because the sales have increased due to the new acquisitions, and not because of the increase of the products, which already existed in the company. For this reason we recommended that, they should consolidate its old product and try to increase they sales. Another section, where we would like to make a recommendation, it is into the international section of PepsiCo, we think that they are too focused in the U.S. (although it is true that it is the market where they have biggest volume of sales), but they should try to consolidate in the international markets, and as well to try to penetrate in undeveloped markets, where its competitors are not established yet (i.e. Chinese market). How to cite Brief History of PepsiCo, Essay examples

Write an Essay on Assessment of the Communication & Interaction Skills

Question: Write an essay on Assessment of the communication and interaction skills. Answer: Assessment of the communication and interaction skills At the time of on-to-one interaction session I have extensively implemented the communication cycle. I have used various parts of communication channel i.e. encoding, decoding, sending message as well as formulating feedback in an effective fashion. I have applied careful listening skills during the interaction (Barnett et al. 2012). In addition to that, I have been able to use appropriate language for the communication. I have emphasized on having a professional tone of voice, pace, proximity as well as body language at the time of interaction. Evaluation of the influential factors of the interactions effectiveness There are several factors which have been proved to be most influential in the context of effectiveness of the communication. First of all, the proximity as well as friendly attitude greatly helped us to effectively conduct the one-to-one communication in the health and social care. The easy tone of voice greatly helped to make the other participant most comfortable (Aveyard 2014). In addition to that, noise has hindered the effectiveness of the communication significantly. Hazard Identification and evaluation Describe the hazard Explain why it is a hazard. What harm may be caused and to who? What are staff expected to do in order to minimise the risk? Unhygienic food The unhygienic food is very critical hazard where the health and social care is concerned. As the health and social care deals with the treatment of various patients, the unhygienic food can cause major hindrance to their health. They need to maintain the standard of food with a critical supervision. They must adhere with the Health and Safety Act at Work, 1974. Manual Handling In order to transfer the patient with mobility disorder problem the care giver sometimes does not use proper equipment. These raise the chance of potential damage to their health. Therefore, it can be considered as the major hazard in health and social care context. The caregiver always needs to maintain proper equipment at every time so that the service user does not experience any hindrance to their health. Contact with blood borne pathogens Often the contact with blood can cause the risk of HIV as well as other infectious diseases. This is a major hazard for both employees as well as users of the healthcare setting. The caregiver and health professional need to make sure that no one can be exposed to the bloods of others. It will evidently reduce the hazardous situation. Describe the hazard Explain why it is a hazard. What harm may be caused and to who? What are staff expected to do in order to minimise the risk? Contact with hazardous chemicals Sometimes the health professionals are exposed to the hazardous chemicals within the health and social care. This can occur a severe damage to the exposed individual, thus can be considered as hazard. The staffs need to maintain proper safety as well as security in the chemical department. Stress Tremendous pressure can create extreme stress which is considered as major hazard for the both service user as well as care givers within the health and social care (Brach et al. 2012). The employees need to maintain friendly as well as comfortable environment within the workplace. Moreover, the service users as well as carer both need to arrange possible chances of entertainment for users. Accidents The accidents can occur any time to both of the service users as well as caregivers. For example, one individual can slip at the time of hurrying. The healthcare setting must be ready for any kind of accident so that the damage cannot be extreme. Influence of legislation, policies and procedures relating to health, safety and security upon health and social care settings The health and social care organizations need to follow the legislations related to health and safety in UK for ensuring the safeguarding of staffs and care users. One such legislation is Health and safety Act 1974; it ensures that the health and social care workers are taking their responsibilities properly. The data protection act 1998 ensures that all the private and personal data would be secured by the care givers and no misuse would be done with these. The manual handling operation regulations 1992 helps the workers to eliminate manual handling errors in patients services and thus providing safety (Great Britain Department of Health, 2012). The Control of substances hazardous to health regulations (COSHH) civil contingencies act 2004 ensures that the organizations are running with safe and secure practices by avoiding physical, chemical or biological hazards. For safeguarding the staffs and care users, a number of schemes are invented by ISA like vetting scheme policy. It helps to ensure the compliance of the health care staffs with the legislations and organizational policies. The main focus is to safeguard the children and elderly patients. To promote patients safeguarding, advanced staff training, CPD, POVA policies are useful (Cowles 2012). While analyzing the legislations and regulations, the policies and procedures should also be analyzed. The major policies in health and social care organizations include waste disposal policy, risk management policy, food safety policy, safeguarding policy, accident and incident reporting policy and fire evacuation policy. The health and social care workers are committed to meet the satisfactory standards in their work, the risk assessment help to reduce risk and thereby motivating other staffs to complete this activity (Edelstein, Keller and Schroder 2014). The basic norms in the organization should also be followed by all the staffs and care users like keeping the premises clean, keeping calm, contributing in harm reduction by assisting the care providers. The staffs should be committed to provide the best quality care service. On the other hand, the National Health Service trust, WHO and local authorities should be responsible to review the overall performance and issues of the or ganization. Promotion of individuals safety through health and safety legislation, policy and procedures in health and social care settings To promote patients safety in the health and social care practice, the awareness of the policies and norms should be distributed throughout the health and social care settings. There are various ways through which the awareness can be promoted. The posters, guest speakers, meetings, workshops, promotional activities in awareness days can be useful. The organization should establish a quality control or performance review team who would review the compliance of staffs towards the health and social care policies and norms. It would promote safety of staffs and care users by provision of high quality care services (Kongstvedt 2012). Risk assessment activity Service user group: 5-19 years children with disabilities Address visited: Local leisure centre Potential Hazard What type of harm can be caused? Who is at risk? Likelihood (L) Risk estimate S x L Controls needed Responsible Agency Risk of fall Physical injury Child having movement impairment 4 5 X 4 Giving wrist alarms The care home and short break service Difficulty in understanding instructions for outing Physical harm Children having learning difficulties 3 3 X 3 Use of ICT technologies Care home and school of disabled children Food contamination Biological and physical harm All children 3 4 X 3 Ensuring hygienic food provision The food providers and short break service Cleaning chemicals on floor Chemical hazard and physical injury All children, especially the younger ones 3 4 X 3 Visiting the site prior to outing for hazard analysis The leisure centre and the short break service Inhibition of participation in outing events Psychological hazard Children having hearing impairment 3 3 X 2 Providing leaflets and training staffs to communicate with symbols Care home service Hazard severity Hazard likelihood 5 Major 5 Will definitely happen 4 Very serious 4 Will probably happen 3 Serious 3 May well happen 2 Slight 2 May happen 1 Minimal 1 Unlikely to happen Assessment of hazards in risk assessment The risk assessment activity would help to assess the current risks for the particular client group. It has been analyzed that the children have several disabilities which are the hindrance of their outside visit. Therefore, it is very important to control all the hazards from which the children can get harm. The risk assessment program identified five hazards for the children for the children. The hazards include biological, physical, chemical and psychological hazards. The common risk factors were identified and reviewed (Ingleby 2012). It helped to identify the control measures. The critical control like HACCP guidelines and related legislations should be followed for reducing these hazards. Recommendation for minimizing the risk of service user group To reduce these hazards, a number of recommendations can be provided. These include: Enhancing awareness by leaflets- Providing leaflets to the children would help them to understand and memorize the rules throughout the outing. It would help to enhance their self-esteem and reduce the risk of harm. Using ICT tools in classroom- These tools are very helpful for the children having learning difficulties. It would help them to be aware of self-management through innovative process and encourage them. Providing advanced training to staffs- Advance staff training can empower care workers along with the enhancement of their ability to handle disabled children in a different context. Thus, care workers can be able to provide outing guidelines to the children more efficiently (Brggemann 2012). Providing packaged food- Providing packaged food can help to reduce biological hazards including food contamination, thereby ensuring healthy outcomes of children. Reviewing the leisure centre before planning outing- Reviewing the site is an important aspect while planning outings for disabled children. It is because, if any kinds of hazards are identified, prior control measures could be undertaken to make the place safe for the children before taking them to that place. Providing wrist alarm- The child who uses a wheel chair due to having a movement disability, should be provided a wrist alarm or wheelchair alarm for safety. It will help the child to address and inform the care workers immediately after addressing a hazard. Priorities and responses while dealing with emergencies or incidents in health or social care settings With the help of examples, the responses and priorities during emergency situation can be discussed. One such incident was addressed in a junior school premises. A child was running through the corridor and hit a book shelf. Immediately the book shelf dropped onto the child. At this situation, the supervisor was nearby. The supervisor was nearby and saw the incident. His immediately priority was to lift up the book shelf. He saw a deep cut on childs forehead with massive bleeding (Brggemann et al. 2013). The immediate priority of the supervisor would be calling ambulance and calling other staff to take the child in a safe place. The next priority would be ensuring that other children are away from the place. After informing the higher authority, the staff should immediately inform the childs parents. The child should then be taken to nearby hospital for his fast-aid and medical needs. The staff should ensure that the child should not receive more hazards during hospital transfer (Alm gren and Lindhorst 2012). The next incident happened in a hospital where there were emergency patients along with less severe patients waiting for receiving doctors treatment. In this situation, a patient came who was in experiencing severe condition with severe injury. He waited for long 2 hours but, the doctor did not considered the serious condition of patient. While waiting, the patient passed out. A nurse rushed to the floor. It was an unethical practice which was done by the doctor. The doctor must assist the patient who was in the emergency situation. The first priority of the nurse is to immediately inform the doctor and the entire medical team to assess the patient. Immediately after the assessment the emergency decision should be made by the health care team about the patients health care plan (Glasby 2012). The top priority at that moment is to save the life. The incident should be documented and reported to the higher authority along with the negligence of the doctor. Therefore, analyzing these two situations, it can be responded that maintaining respect and dignity is required while working in health and social care sector. The staffs should be aware of how to deal with abuse, what is the need of first aid, reporting of accidents and follow ups. Working in partnership can help to reduce these kinds of risks (Gottlieb 2012). Health, safety or security concerns raising from the emergency in health or social care settings While addressing the emergency incidents or accidents as mentioned above, the number of safety concerns develops. Here, in the first case, the safety for the children raised in the school premises. It is important to ensure that children are being kept in a secure place. One concern for the necessity of a health care team was there. Secondly, the children should be kept at a place where they can easily get freedom to play and run, the premises should be appropriate. The book shelf was not situated at the right place (Haugen and Musser 2012). It was a major concern. In the next incident, the patient underwent unconsciousness due to the negligence of the doctor. The medical worker should always give the priority to a patient having severe health issue, especially if the patient is having fatal consequences. From this incident, the need of training of the medical staff has been raised. On the other hand, the doctor should gain penalty for his unprofessional and inhuman behavior. Thus, t he incident should be reported immediately to the higher authority for taking strict action. Implementing improvements for reducing these kinds of hazards in future is another priority (Heginbotham 2012). Justification of responses to the emergency in a health or social care settings On response to the previously mentioned incidents, some responses have been raised. These include minimizing risk, maintaining respect and dignity towards the patients, working in partnership, reporting accidents and following up reviews. For an example, while handling a mental health patient with severe anxiety and having a past history of domestic abuse, the health care worker should show respect and attempt to establish a trustworthy relationship to reduce risk of harm (Hughes and McCririck 2012). Description of intellectual, physical, social as well as emotional development for each life stages Infancy (0 to 3 years) Physical: The baby will have several inborn primitive and temporary reflexes. The baby would be able to rotate hands. The baby would be able to give a rooting expression and a grasp expression. When the baby would be held up, they would try to talk, known as walking reflex. Intellectual: The baby should interpret and create sound.He or she would identify sounds and the vocabulary aspects would enhance. Emotional: The Gradual development of emotion is being seen. The baby would develop different emotional stages for happiness and sadness (Kim et al. 2012). Social: Baby will be habituated to routine. The baby starts to copy his parents or relatives living nearby. Childhood (4 years to 10 years) Physical: The child can grow more rapidly. The motor skill development is enhanced in this stage. Children at this age gains about 3 kg weight and around 6 cm height every year. Intellectual: The child will be able to make conversation with a adequate vocabulary. The child becomes able to communicate with others along with the sense of right and wrong decisions. At this age also brain development is very fast. Emotional: The child will be able to develop a greater range of emotions. The emotions bare enhanced through the enhanced real life experiences as the child begins to go to school and meet more people. Social: The child will learn how to share with the others and siblings. The child starts to go to school and starts to make more and more friends which make him socialized. Adolescence (11 years to 18 years) Physical: The men and women will gain a different kind of physical attributes. During this age group a transition in life cycle is identified. The boy or girl develops the signs of being a man or woman respectively. This phase is called puberty. A girl starts her menstruation cycle. The breast starts to develop, hips are widened. In case of boys, broadening of chest, wet dreams, voice breaks, hair development in sexual organs periphery are noticed (Saccavini et al. 2012). Intellectual: The individual can construct abstract thinking. Due to the hormonal changes, their thinking patterns change. They become able to judge good or bad thing independently. Emotional: The hormones can be highly effective for change of mood. Usually, children at this age can change their moods very frequently and become more judgmental and hard to convince. vidual become more independent. The young adults are more likely to be subjected to drugs, sex, alcohol or other age-related changes in social life. Adulthood (19 years to 65 years) Physical: The young adults are their highest peak of physical fitness. At the age of 18 to 28 years, the growth is highest. With aging, strength and physical stability are decreased. With aging loss of teeth, whitening of hair, changes in skin are seen. Intellectual: The adults are able to develop new skills. With aging the intellectual capabilities are decreased and the self-esteem is decreased also. Emotional: The adults are able to behave with more maturity. However, with increased age, due to loss of dear ones and reduction of engagements, people start to feel lonely and mental condition weakens. Social: The adults are able to be responsible for others well being. With aging, the social interaction decreases, as people become unable to work properly after certain age and the self esteem is lowered. Pregnancy It is the stage in womens life when they are able to give birth to a new life. After sexual intercourse with the male partner, the female gets pregnant and carries the child in her womb for approximately 9-10 months. At this period, all the organs are developed and growth is accomplished until the fetus becomes capable of surviving alone in the earth. Potential effects of five different life factors on individual development There are five different life factors on individual development. These are genetic, environmental, socioeconomic, biological and lifestyle. The exact life factors are Down syndrome, pollution, employment status, infections during pregnancy and substance abuse. Down syndrome- Physically the disease changes the physical appearance and brain development of the child. The child gain below average weight with flattened nose with increased skin creases. Intellectually the child will have delayed development and learning disability; low self concept would be the sign of emotional change (Sato 2012). Pollution- It is a common problem. Physical effects include respiratory problem, lung cancer and growth restriction. Intellectual effect includes lower cognitive ability and emotional effect is depression and anxiety. Employment status- Physical effect is stress, tiredness and weight gain. Intellectual effect is change in thinking pattern. Emotional effect is major concern. With achievement happiness comes, failure brings lower self-esteem. Socially the person becomes isolated or more confident. Substance abuse- Mental health problem, miscarriage, infertility, increased risk of cancer and infections, weight loss, heart attack are physical effects. Lack of concentration, mood swing and depression are emotional effects. People in this category are easily subjected to trouble or abuse. Infections during pregnancy- Physical effects are reduced growth, visual impairment, hearing problems. Intellectually, the child have delayed development, emotionally, low self-concept and socially, lack of confidence is seen in the child. Influences of two predictable and two unpredictable major life events The predictable as well as unpredictable life events can be most effective for changing the individual development. The predictable life events are leaving home and starting school. The unpredictable life events are illness as well as relationship changes. Parting home Absence of known and dear ones usually has a negative effect upon the cognitive development, especially, if the individual is a child. The nutritional development is hampered. Beginning of school The child starts to get familiar with people other than his family. The cognitive development is enhanced positively. The emotional background is also enhanced. The child starts to be socialized. Accident or illness It can have a negative impact upon life. Major events can reduce self esteem. If the accident is major, loss of organ can lead to a major change in lifestyle, loss of employment or dear ones can be resulted (Thistlethwaite 2012). Changes in relationship Relationship makes people stronger to deal social issues. A lonely person is more vulnerable for domestic violence than a person who lives his life with a family. Change in relationship has a greater negative impact in cognitive and emotional development. Improvement of health service provision through multidisciplinary working: Multidisciplinary teams are most effective for both of the service users as well as health professionals. There are vital advantages of the multidisciplinary teams which are continuing proactive care, 24 hour access to support and information, organized response system as well as providing cost effective as well as coordinated service to the users (Saccavini et al. 2012). Two examples of multidisciplinary working: The major example of the multidisciplinary working is working with the foster care in respect to provide the service to child. Another major example is working with a medical team as a nurse or counselor. Working in a multidisciplinary team enhances the experience and quality the of care services provided to the care users. Reference List Almgren, G. and Lindhorst, T., 2012.The Safety-Net Health Care System. 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